Desalination in Australia
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Desalination in Australia
«Drought proofing Australia in a Sustainable Way
Energy & Water Sustainability in Southern California
New School of Architecture & Design - San Diego Sept 10, 2010
Gary J. Crisp
Global Business Leader ± Desalination: GHD BSc. Civil Engineering, C Eng., MICE, CP Eng., FIE Aust., PMP
It·s not about water. It·s about
energy!
´Energy is eternal delight!µ
Energy is liberation.
William Blake, author, poet, visionary, 1757 ± 1827
Presentation Overview
Introduction
The Big Six, Including Gold Coast
Impact of Drying Climate
- Reduced Inflow to Dams (as at 1 Nov 06)
1000 Annual Total 900 00 00 600 00 400 300 00 100 0
)
1911-19 4 av (33 19 - 1996 av (1
L) L) L)
Total nn al* Inflo to ert Dam ** (
9 3
9 5
9 7
9 9
9 3
9 5
9 7
9 9
3
933
935
937
939
943
945
947
949
953
955
957
959
963
965
967
969
973
975
977
979
983
985
987
989
993
995
997
999
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
9
9
Notes:
- A ea s ta e n as Ma to A l - 200 /06 n flow to 1st Novem be 2006
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
5
¢
¢
¡
¢
¢
¡
¢
¢
¡
¡
¡
¡
¡
¡
¨ ¥ ¤
© § ¦ £
199 -200 av (114
Re ess on 1960 to 200
6
1000 gallons/y per capita by 2012 for Perth Wungong rial Gnangara Pines Metro Catchments
Smarter use of Water Catchment Management
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Wellington Dam Brunswick River Dam
Surface Water
SW Yarragadee Gingin Yanchep Eglington
Desalination Groundwater
Water Efficiency From Irrigation Kwinana Water Reclamation Plant 20% reuse by 2012 target
Water rading
Water Recycling
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Desalination History
Aristotle descri ed distillation - 400 BC Distillation Desalination on early ships - 200AD Distillation ED (Nor ert Rillieux, 1806 - 18 4) Coolgardie Water Distillery (WA) - 18 5 Distillation Desalination SF - 1 56 Distillation Desalination ED - 1 60 Distillation Desalination VC, ETC ± 1 60 Mem rane RO (Drs. Sourirajan & oe @ UC A, 1 5 ) Mem rane RO (John Cadotte - FilmTec, 1 70) Mem rane Desalination RO and NF - 1 70 Mem rane Pre-treatment (MF, UF) - 1 0 Mem rane Wastewater (MBR) - 2000
Dr. Sid Loeb 2005 - 2008
SWRO Power Consumption
July 1, 2001
Water Resource Cost rends: US $/m
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Water Cost 0. 0 $/m
Water from the oceans is still perceived as a µtechnology¶ solution, but desalination should be recognised as a µpolicy¶ solution
Cost $/m
HE RIPLE BO
he RUE Value of Water Obtained with Minimal Environmental Impact
OM LINE
he Environmental
³Forgotten´
Year
Glo al Water Intelligence - Octo er 2006
The Desalination Process
The Big
Australia¶s six big desalination plants
The Big Six ± No. 1
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Perth I Client: Capacity: Plant Capital Cost: Connecting System IWSS : Total Capital Cost: Total Operating Cost: Unit Cost: Commissioning Completion: GHD Involvement:
mgd
Configuration: Seawater Feed Quality: Product Water Quality: Specific Energy Consumption SEC : Technology Contractor: Awards:
Water Corporation mgd $2 million $ 1 million $ 1 million $1 million/year $1,1 2/AF AU$1.00/m 200 Production of Basis of Design and Basis of Construction Documents, rd Party Review of Designs from both Competing Consortia, Durability Reviews During Design and Construction Phase, Integration Network Concept and Detailed Design including the largest Pumping Station in the Perth Integrated System, the Nicholson Road Pumping Station 10 MW . Seaglider Oceanographic Measurements Open Intake, Diffuser Outfall, Travelling Band Screens, Dual Media Pressure Filtration, Micron Cartridge Filtration,2 Pass SWRO System, Lime and CO2 Re-mineralisation 000 ± 000 mg/L TDS < 200 mg/L < 1 . kWh/kgal . kWh/m Degremont France/Spain GWI Membrane Desalination Plant of Year 200 ERI Awarded GWI Environmental Contribution of the Year 200
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
1 acres
Located in Kwinana
1 0 mg/L Product Water
mgd Capacity: 0,
2 AF/Y
Commenced operation in Nov. µ0 Wind Power is used as offset
Courtesy of Water Corporation
2 MW Power Required
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
acres
1 acres
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Seawater Intake System ± Inlet Structure
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Seawater Intake System ± Inlet Structure
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Seawater Intake System ± Pipes and Works
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Onshore Active Screening ± Band Screen
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Seawater Intake and Outlet Works
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Single Stage Dual Media Pressure Filtration and Cartridge Filters
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Reverse Osmosis Process Flow ± Operating Principals & Arrangement
First Pass Second Pass
(Common By-pass HP Pump PRODUCTION
PRETREATED WATER
1st Stage
2nd Stage
Energy Recovery System
12 x 1 in Parallel
" # !
1ST PASS FEEDING (recycling REJECT
MDJV in Alliance with Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
High Pressure Pumps 2. MW Each (6 in total
Each Pump Equivalent to 15 Toyota exus GX Wagon 8st 4dr Man 6sp 4x4 4.0i 0.17 MW @ 5200rpm each.*
*Red Book (Australia) specifications
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Circulation Pumps 1 kW each (12 in total
Each Pump Equivalent to 1 Toyota RAV 4 5st 4dr Man 4x4 2.0i 0.1 2 MW @ 5200rpm each.*
*Red Book (Australia) specifications
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
RO Building Looking South ± 2nd Pass RO
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Pressure Exchanger Rack 1.2 MW each (12 in total
Each Rack Equivalent to 8 Ford Escape Wagon 4dr Auto 4sp 4x4 .0i 0.152 MW @ 4750rpm each.*
*Red Book (Australia) specifications
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Project
PX Process
Beyond Tomorrow
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Potabilization System and Drinking Water Storage Tank
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Drinking Water Transfer Pump Station
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Concentrate Discharge and Residuals System
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Brine Discharge System
yd limit for mixing zone
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
2yd mixing zone ± achieve 2 x dilution
20 diffuser ports at . yd spacing
Outfall pipeline
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Seawater Concentrate - Salinity
Initial mixing zone =110 yards
water surface
farfield
45x dilution
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Real Time Monitoring
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Rhodamine Dye Test
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
These tests proved the Mathematical / Computer Model analyses.
Note the marine growth on the diffuser ports.
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Under the Surface
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Sustainable Power - Wind Energy
Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Stanwell/Griffin Joint Venture - Emu Downs wind generation facility ± at Badgingarra 200 north of Perth Water Corporation is purchasing 66 percent of the energy output 2 MW (1 GW hrs/annum Opened on 12 November 2006
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Sustainable Power - Wind Energy
Capacity No. of Turbines Hub Height Blade Length Wind Farm Area Wind Farm (66%
= 0 MW = = yd = yd = 1 mile2 = 12 mile2
Sustainable Power - Wind Energy
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
The Big Six ± No. 1
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant ± Demonstration Plant
The Big Six ± No. 2
Gold Coast Desalination Plant Client: Capacity: Plant Capital Cost: Connecting System (IWSS : Total Capital Cost: Total Operating Cost: Unit Cost: Commissioning Completion: GHD Involvement:
mgd (1
MLD
Configuration: Gravity System, Lime Seawater Feed Quality: Product Water Quality: Specific Energy Consumption (SEC : Technology Contractor: Awards:
Water Secure - Queensland 6 mgd $ million (tunnels $21 million $1 million $ million $ 2 million/year $2, 2/AF ($2.0 /m 200 Owners Engineer Construction and Design Review, Durability, rd Party Review, overall alliance project management from owners viewpoint, water quality (raw and product , instrumentation and commissioning, M&E Review, SCADA Review Open Intake, Diffuser Outfall, Drum Screens, Dual Media Filtration, Micron Cartridge Filtration, 2 Pass SWRO and CO2 Re-mineralisation 000 ± 000 mg/L TDS < 200 mg/L < 12. kWh/kgal (3.30 kWh/m3) Veolia (France) GWI Membrane Desalination Plant of Year 200
$
Gold Coast Desalination Plant
Located in Tugin 36 mgd Capacity: 38, 2 AF/Y 22 MW Power Required
1 0 mg/L Product Water Commenced operation in Nov. µ08 Green Energy as offset
16 mile 43 inch distri ution main 8 mg reservoir & pump station
Twin .4 m OD intake outfall tunnels 1.5 mile & 1. mile sized for 45 mgd
mgd Plant ave. 4% availa ility 6 mgd peak daily production
PRETEATMENT
INTAKE RESIDUALS OUTFALL REVERSE OSMOSIS
REMINERALISATION
Aerial View of Desalination Plant
Pretreatment
SWRO & BWRO
Residuals Treatment
Admin a
Chemical Storage
Remineralisation Storage
Seawater Intake & screen
HV su station Brine discharge shaft
Pota le water pump station
Marine Tunnels
SEP supported y tug drawn arge- install inlet outlet risers
inlet outlet
Seawater Intake
Intake riser 4.5 yd from sea ed 20 yd water depth Coarse screen 6 inch ± vertical ars. Horizontal flow, low velocity to prevent entrainment <0.15 m s Seawater flows ( 0 mgd) 3mm fine screening ± drum screens Shock dosing of Hypochlorite Monitoring of seawater quality EPA & process
Contra-shear Drum Screen
Seawater Intake - Coarse Screen
6.32 m
2.11 m
Pretreatment
6 Months piloting of pretreatment Chemical addition, two static mixers Four flocculation tanks 18 dual media gravity filters 24 h filter run time
Pretreatment
Pretreatment
Residuals
Filter ackwash (5 mgd), neutralised CIP wastewater, lime sludge treated in Residuals Section Wastewater is coagulated with ferric sulphate polymer and clarified in lamella separator Sludge (15% solids) dewatered y centrifuge and sent to isolated cell in landfill (max. 65 cu ic yard)
Desalination Plant Feed
Filtered seawater split into 2 streams
45% to RO % 55% to ERD
RO ooster pumps provide suction pressure for HP pumps & ERD ooster pumps to feed ERD Cartridge filters ± 5 µm
First Pass SWRO
Four HP Torishima VSD pumps (5 MW feed) common HP manifold trains at 100% capacity SWRO trains through
Each SWRO train has Calder DWEER ERD 45% recovery
Desalination Plant Feed ± 1st Pass
4 x High Pressure Pumps 4.8 MW Each (Each equivalent to 28 Toyota Lexus GX Wagon 8st 4dr Man 6sp 4x4 4.0i 0.1 MW @ 200rpm each - Red Book Specifications)
Seawater Reverse Osmosis - ERD
Operating Principles & Arrangement
First Pass Second Pass
(Common By-pass) PRODUCTION
PRETREATED 3 HP Pumps WATER
1st Stage 2nd Stage
CalderDWEER.exe
REJECT
Energy Recovery System (1 per rack)
1ST PASS FEEDING (recycling)
Energy Recovery Device - 1st Pass
Pressure Exchanger Rack 1.6 MW Each (9 racks in total) (Equivalent to 11 Mazda Tribute Wagon 4dr Auto 4sp 4x4 3.0i 0.1 2 MW @ 4750rpm each - Red Book Specifications)
Re-circulation Pumps 180 kW Each Equivalent to 11 Toyota Lexus GX Wagon 8st 4dr Man 6sp 4x4 4.0i 0.179 MW @ 5200rpm each - Red Book Specifications)
RO Building Pressure Vessel Racks - 1st Pass
Second Pass SWRO
Rear permeate from SWRO 3 trains at 100% capacity 85% recovery Brine re-circulated ack to filtered seawater tank Total desalination energy consumption <3.4 kWh m3
Remineralisation and Storage
Car on dioxide and lime water addition Chlorination Two 4 mg glass fused olted steel tanks (5 h storage) to provide disinfection contact time and for control Water quality monitoring TDS< 220 mg etc Ultimately Fluoridation.
Brine Discharge
Brine (49 mgd) from first pass RO mixed with supernatant from residuals, sent ack to sea Brine diluted and dispersed through 20 diffusers 60° to the horizon staggered on 306 yd long diffuser manifold Extensive modeling to ensure optimum mixing to ackground levels in near field Mixing zone 132 yd x 442 yd
6.5 yd
Diffuser
6.0 yd
1200mm PE
Network Connection
4 pota le water transfer pumps 16 mile of 43 inch pipeline 8 mg reservoir ³Ro ina Mixing Reservoir´ Desalinated water mixed with water from Mudgera a WTP Pump Station Tarrant drive
The Big Six ± No. 2
Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD)
Courtesy of WaterSecure
The Big Six ± No. 2
Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD)
Courtesy of WaterSecure
The Big Six ± No. 2
Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 35 mgd (133 MLD)
Courtesy of WaterSecure
The Big Six ± No. 2
Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD)
My Office for 2 years
Courtesy of WaterSecure
Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD)
Courtesy of WaterSecure
The Big Six ± No. 2
Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD)
Low HP Pump Feed Pressure < 53 bar American Translation ³769psi´ Minimal Drum Screen Screenings (note the ³Wheelie Bin´) American Translation ³Trash Can´
Courtesy of WaterSecure
The Big Six ± No. 2
Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD)
3 duty 1 standby High Pressure Pumps (4.8 MW each)
Courtesy of WaterSecure
The Big Six ± No. 3
Sydney Desalination Plant - 66 mgd ± Expandable to 132
Sydney Water ± New South Wales 66 mgd (expandable to 132 mgd) $787 million (tunnels $189 million) $410 million $246 million $1,443 million $37 million/year $1,950/AF ($1.74/m3) 2010 Feasibility Study, Preparation of Environmental Statement and Secured Approvals. Prepared Reference Design and Basis of Design and Construct, Seawater quality sampling program, All Geotechnical Investigations (on & offshore), Pilot Plant Infrastructure Design and Facilitation, Procurement Method Evaluation, Tender Documentation, Tender Evaluation (Owners Engineer), Technical Advisor ± Design Review of Contractors Design, Durability, Construction Surveillance & Commissioning Support, Marine & Estuarine Monitoring Program Management, Represented Owner¶s Interest During Construction. Configuration: Open Intake, Diffuser Outfall, Drum Screens, Dual Media Gravity Filtration, 5 Micron Cartridge Filtration, 2 Pass SWRO System, Lime and CO2 Remineralisation Seawater Feed Quality: 32000 ± 41000 mg/L TDS Product Water Quality: < 140 mg/L TDS Specific Energy Consumption (SEC):< 14.76 kWh/kgal (3.9 kWh/m3) Technology Contractor: Veolia (France) Awards: Not Yet Complete Client: Capacity: Plant Capital Cost: Connecting System: Other: Total Capital Cost: Total Operating Cost: Unit Cost: Commissioning Completion: GHD Involvement:
The Big Six ± No. 3
Sydney Desalination Plant - 36 mgd
Courtesy of Sydney Water
The Big Six ± No. 3
Sydney Desalination Plant - 66 mgd expandable to 132
Courtesy of Sydney Water
The Big Six ± No. 4
Adelaide Desalination Plants I and II ± 40 + 40 mgd (150 MLD each)
Client: Capacity: Plant Capital Cost: Connecting System (IWSS): Total Capital Cost: Total Operating Cost: Unit Cost: First Water: GHD Involvement: South Australia Water 36 mgd + 18 mgd +18 mgd $1,255 million (Estimated) $246 million (Estimated) $1,500 million $67 million/year (36mgd) $3,033/AF ($2.70/m3) Estimated levelised cost December 2012 Owners Engineer due diligence review during project development phase, Environmental Impact Statement and Development Approvals, Water Quality Integration Review and Ongoing Support. Open Intake, Diffuser Outfall, capacity to 72 mgd 2 Pass SWRO System, initial capacity 54 mgd Lime and CO2 Re-mineralisation 35000 ± 38000 mg/L TDS < 200 mg/L < 18.93 kWh/kgal (5 kWh/ m3 ) Acciona (Spain) Not Completed Yet
Configuration:
Seawater Feed Quality: Product Water Quality: Specific Energy Consumption (SEC): Technology Contractor: Awards:
The Big Six ± No. 4
Adelaide Desalination Plants I and II ± 40 + 40 mgd (150 MLD each)
Courtesy of SA Water
The Big Six ± No. 5
Southern Seawater Desalination Plant (Perth II) - 40 mgd to 80 mgd
Client: Capacity: Plant Capital Cost: Connecting System (IWSS): Total Capital Cost: Total Operating Cost: Unit Cost: Commissioning Completion: GHD Involvement: Water Corporation of Western Australia 40 mgd 1st Stage, 80 mgd 2nd Stage $640 million (Estimated with double intake/outfall) $98 million (Estimated) $738 million (Estimated) $29 million/year (Estimated) $2,042/AF ($1.81/m3) Estimated 2011 Alliance Team / Plant Engineering/ Bid (note, out of 8 expressions of interest, which were reduced to two by the Water Corporation, the GHD ± Acciona - United Utilities Team was one and did not win the Alliance Contract. It should be noted that Acciona using this design went on to win both Adelaide desalination plant projects from which GHD were excluded due to their partial owners role in this project and their Owners Engineer Role on Melbourne, for whom Acciona was also bidding, hence another set of consulting engineers was selected by the contractor). Seaglider Oceanographic Measurements Open Intake, Diffuser Outfall, Travelling Band Screens, UF PVDF Pressure Filters, 5 Micron Cartridge Filtration, 2 Pass SWRO System, Lime and CO2 Re-mineralisation 35000 ± 38000 mg/L TDS < 200 mg/L < 13.63 kWh/kgal (3.6 kWh/ m3) Tecnicas Reunidas, Valoriza Agua (Spain) Not Completed Yet
Configuration: Seawater Feed Quality: Product Water Quality: Specific Energy Consumption (SEC): Technology Contractor: Awards:
The Big Six ± No. 5
Southern Seawater Desalination Plant (Perth II) 40 mgd Expandable to 80 mgd
Courtesy of Water Corporation
The Big Six ± No. 5
Southern Seawater Desalination Plant (Perth II) 150 MLD (40 mgd) Expandable to 300 MLD (80 mgd)
Courtesy of Water Corporation
The Big Six ± No. 6
The Victorian Desalination Project - 120 mgd
Client: Capacity: Plant Capital Cost: Connecting System (85 km Pipeline): Underground power connection Total Capital Cost: Total Operating Cost: Unit Cost: Commissioning Completion: GHD Involvement: Victorian Government 120 mgd 1st Stage, 160 mgd 2nd Stage $1,840 million (Estimated) $820 million (Estimated) $246 million (Estimated) $2,870 million $98 million/year (Estimated) $2,550/AF ($2.27/m3) Estimated 2011 Feasibility Study, Environment Effects Statement and Approvals, Reference Design, Seawater quality sampling program, all geotechnical investigations (on & offshore), Pilot Plant facilities and support, Marine growth experiment, Management of Landowner Engagement, GIS & Mapping, Data Management, Tender Preparation and Evaluation, Design Review, Strategic Direction and Ongoing Support. 4 m Dia. Undersea Inlet and Outlet Tunnels, Drum Screens, Dual Media Pressure Filtration, Cartridge Filtration, 2 Pass SWRO System, Lime and CO2 Re-mineralisation 35 000 ± 38 000 mg/L TDS
Configuration:
Seawater Feed Quality: Product Water Quality: < 120 mg/L Specific Energy Consumption (SEC): < 17.42 kWh/kgal (4.6 kWh/ m3) Technology Contractor: Degremont (France/Spain) Awards: Not Completed Yet
The Big Six ± No. 6
The Victorian Desalination Project - 120 mgd then 160 mgd
Courtesy of Victorian Government
The Big Six ± No. 6
The Victorian Desalination Project - 120 mgd then 160 mgd
Courtesy of Victorian Government
The Sustainability of SWRO
The Sustainability of SWRO
Mammoth Water Condenser, Coolgardie Water Distillery, 132,000 gpd
The ultimate in un-sustainability
In 1896 the worlds largest desalination plant was built in Western Australia at Coolgardie
It·s not about water. It·s about
energy!
The Sustainability of SWRO
Affordable Desalination Collaboration (ADC)
Theoretical minimum SEC for seawater @ 35000 mg/L TDS is 2.83 kWh/kgal (0.748 kWhr/m3 ) To convey 1 kgal of untreated water horizontally over 260 miles uses 12.38 kWh/kgal (3.3 kWh/m3) Gold Coast Desalination Plant produces high quality water locally at 12.38 kWh/kgal (3.3 kWh/m3)
The Sustainability of SWRO
Specific Energy Consumption for Different Water Sources
Process MSF MED METC MVC SWRO BWRO Waste Water Reuse Conventional Water piped > 250 Miles Electrical (kWh/m3) 3.2 ± 3.7 2.5 - 2.9 2.0 - 2.5 8.0 - 17.0 3.3 - 8.5 1.0 - 2.5 1.0 - 2.5 0.2 ± 1.0 3.3 Thermal (kWh/m3) 9.8 ± 6.8 6.6 - 4.5 12.0 - 6.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA Total (kWh/m3) 13.0 ± 10.5 9.0 ± 7.4 14.0 - 9.0 NA 3.3 - 8.5 1.0 - 2.5 1.0 - 2.5 0.2 ± 1.0 3.3
The Sustainability of SWRO
Marine Energy Technologies
Marine Energy typically refers to Wave Power Tidal Power Ocean Thermal Offshore Wind
The Sustainability of SWRO
Some Wave Concepts
Edinburgh Duck
Archimedes Wave Swing
Back Bent Ducted Buoy
AquaBuOY
PS Frog
Bristol Cylinder Grampus OWEL
The Sustainability of SWRO
Some Wave Concepts ± cont¶d
SeaVolt OPT PowerBuoy
Sea Clam
Fred Olsen FO3
Manchester Bobber Wave Dragon WaveBob Ocean Wave Master
The Sustainability of SWRO
Some Wave Concepts ± cont¶d
CETO
Pelamis
C-Wave
Cockerell Raft Sperboy Frond
The Sustainability of SWRO
Some Wave Concepts ± cont¶d
CETO
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Recovery Devices
CALDER ± DWEER PRESSURE EXCHANGER
KSB ± SALTEC PRESSURE EXCHANGER
AXIAL PISTON PRESSURE EXCHANGER PUMP PEI ± TURBO BOOSTER CALDER - PELTON WHEEL IMPULSE TURBINE ERI - PX PRESSURE EXCHANGER
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Recovery Devices
IDE ± IRIS PRESSURE EXCHANGER
DYPREX PRESSURE EXCHANGER
ROVEX PRESSURE EXCHANGER
FEDCO HYDRAULIC PRESSURE BOOSTER
ERI ± TITAN PX PRESSURE EXCHANGER
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Recovery Devices
AQUALING ± ORIGINAL RECUPERATOR PRESSURE EXCHANGER
AQUALING ± NEW RECUPERATOR PRESSURE EXCHANGER
The Sustainability of SWRO
Water Source Comparison (including another unsustainable concept)
14 12.0 12 Unit cost ($ m 3)
Power (kWh m 3) 10
8
6 <3.5 and reducing to 3.3 by 2010 4 $5.10
2 $0.62 0 Current metro bulk water 0.5
$1.07
1.0
$1.16
South West Yarragadee
Seawater Desalination
Kimberley Pipeline
To convey 1 kgal over 250 miles uses 12.38 kWh/kgal (3.3 kWh/m3)
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparison
Old Fridge Energy Requirement = 1300 kWh Year Efficient Desalination Plant (SEC) Specific Energy Consumption = 15.52 kWhr kgal (4.1 kWh m3 )Total
Equivalent Annual Water Production = 84000 gallons year (317 m3/year) Garage Fridge = A single total domestic water use per year inside and outside Reverse Cycle Air 8 kW @ 4 h/day in Winter and Summer (6 months) = 5760 kW/h (Water for 4.5 homes)
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparison ± The MacMansion
Temperature under black roof 61°C. Radiated Heat 39 °C inside house. Temperature under reflective roof 31°C. Radiated heat 26 °C inside house
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparison ± The MacMansion
If you look at all the energy requirements of new homes (City Beach 8858 kW/hr per year average per home) you would not elieve there is a greenhouse gas emission issue. Some Big Mac¶s (supersized) have up to 15 kW air conditioning systems. To add insult to injury, the latest fashion is a lack roof with no eaves ± additional air conditioning required (high calories ± just like the Big Mac supersized). Reverse Cycle Air 15 kW @ 4 hr/day in Winter and Summer (6 months) = 10800 kW/h (SWRO water for 8.5 homes I did not see one lack roof on the Canary Islands (and I do not think it was just ecause the islanders have aesthetic appreciation).
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparison ± The MacMansion
The West Australian Tuesday March 8 2007
Record heat ruins fruit, drains power
Western Power claimed it coped with the increased demand despite using temporary generators as power consumption hit a peak of 3574MW at 4.55 pm, beating Tuesday¶s high of 3533 MW. The Perth Seawater Desalination Plant uses 0.67% of this energy, whilst Perth was using over 30% of the energy for airconditioning.
Note the new umbilical cords to ensure that the black roof keeps the Big Mac cool inside
So «
How Many Jumbos?
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparisons
=
+ + +
+
+
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparisons
or, how many PSDP¶s?
= + +
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparisons
and the answer is! =
One Jumbo Jet
Taking Off Power Cruising Power Full Power of One Engine Full Power Requirement PSDP = 77 MW = 65 MW = 26 MW = 24 MW
+
Water for 405,000 homes (Aus) 300,000 homes (USA) or a total 116,000 passengers transported in one year assuming Jumbo is always full, and Jumbo¶s cannot use renewable energy.
+
So «
How Many Queen Mary II¶s?
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparisons
=
+ + +
+
+
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparisons
or, how many PSDP¶s?
= + + +
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparisons
and the answer is!
= +
Guest Capacity: 2,592 lower berths 3,056 maximum capacity (Incl. third and fourth berths) Crew: 1,253 Power:
+ +
118 MW, gas turbine/diesel electric plant
Not So Sustainable
Surface Water Source ± Serpentine
Serpentine
200.0
am
Not y tc rs r t r t ry rs y to ril
- Streamflo
664 k 2
180.0 160.0
(GL) nnual Streamflo
140.0 120.0
100.0 80.0
60.0 40.0
20.0 0.0
11
17
23
29
35
41
47
53
59
65
77
83
89
95
32
50
71
01 20
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
Str fl 1975 t 1994
F (37 G )
t r v r (62 G ) 1997 t 2004 F(24 G )
vi v r 2001 t 2005
F(19 G )
ourt sy of t
W t r or or tion
20
04
14
20
26
38
44
56
62
68
74
80
86
92
98
Seawater Desalination vs. Surface Water Source
Footprint Comparison ± Serpentine Dam
Constructed from 1957 to 1961 Catchment area = 256 miles2 (vs. 12 miles2) Surface area at FS = 2,636 acres (vs. 22 acres) No in-stream flow allocations Yield estimated in early 50s @ 40,552 acre-feet/year - 98% relia ility PSDP yield 40,552 acre-feet/year + @ 100% relia ility - 0% failure Yield in 2006 was 4,055 acre-feet/year ; a 90% reduction Desalination 0% failure = 40,552 acre-feet/year - 100% relia ility
Future Developments
Future Desalination Developments
SWRO will still ecome more efficient due to New high rejection mem ranes Chlorine Tolerant Mem ranes New large diameter mem ranes New energy recovery devices Mem rane pre-treatment advances New materials (more plastics and composites) Advanced pre-treatment and post treatment
Future Desalination Developments
Ceramic Mem ranes Non-chemical treatments for disinfection pre- and post treatment Changing of WHO Boron Guidelines to 2.4 mg/L from 0.5 mg/L (hence only one pass required with a potential savings of 15%) Optimal Control Systems and Configurations Nano-technology and smart mem ranes Forward Osmosis High efficiency reverse osmosis (HERO) and Electro Dialysis Reversal (EDR) may ecome the solution for inland towns where groundwater sources are limited
Future Developments
Reverse-Reverse Osmosis ? (Entropy Recovery - Forward Osmosis - Osmotic Power)
Patents 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975 Papers by Dr. Sid Loeb 1976 through 2000
PSDP Linked to Wastewater Treatment Plant
Gross Available Power 216 ML/day (57 mgd) Seawater Concentrate
216 ML/day (57 mgd) of UF Treated Secondary Wastewater
5MW
At the same time you would mix the wastewater with the concentrate limiting stratification when returning 34,500 mg/L mixed water to the ocean.
Osmotic Power
Power From Seawater First Prototype Out, More to Come FRESH WATER RUSHES TOWARD SALT WATER. PRESSURE BUILDS. POWER IS PRODUCED. NORWAY¶S FIRST PLANT OPENS BUT OTHERS ARE LOOKING AT IT AS WELL. Statkraft is the world¶s leader in the development of osmotic power. Osmotic power is clean, renewa le energy, with a glo al potential of 1 600 to 1 700 TWh ± equal to China¶s total electricity consumption in 2002.
ON TUESDAY, 24 NOVEMBER 2009, HER ROYAL HIGHNESS CROWN PRINCESS METTE-MARIT OF NORWAY WILL BE OPENING THE WORLD¶S FIRST OSMOTIC POWER PLANT AT TOFTE, OUTSIDE OSLO.
Statkraft says a pilot facility that uses saltwater and freshwater to generate power could mark a next new source of renewable energy. The world¶s first osmotic power plant opened today at Tofte, outside of Oslo. And it included a royal kickoff from the Crown Princess Mette-Marit of Norway, who pushed the button that set the turbines in motion.
Osmotic power plant opens, with commercial scale am itions
Osmotic Energy Recovery
Patent Pending
Gauge Pressure of 60 bar ~ 6 kwh/kgal Seawater desalination with gauge pressure recovery at 9.3 kwh/kgal.
Osmotic Pressure of 60 bar ~ 2.4 kwh/kgal Seawater desalination with gauge pressure recovery and with osmotic pressure recovery at 6.9 kwh/kgal.
Seawater Intake Brine Discharge
Courtesy of Boris Liberman, Ph.D. Vice-President ± IDE Technologies Ltd. Patent Pending
Os
tic E ergy Rec very
Patent Pending
Os
tic
ressure: 0.3 bar
MBR r cess
auge ressure f 60 bar Os tic ressure f 60 bar ea ater I ta e Bri e ischarge
Aquifer Recharge Well
r u ater u i g Well
C urtesy f B ris Liber a , h. . Vice- resi e t ± I E Tech l gies Lt . ate t e i g
smotic Energy Recovery
Patent Pending
MBR Process
WR
Process
eawater Intake
Brine Discharge
Aquifer Recharge Well
Groundwater Pumping Well
Courtesy of Boris Liberman, Ph.D. Vice-President ± IDE Technologies Ltd. Patent Pending
Osmotic Energy Recovery
Patent Pending
SWRO brine
MBR Treated Water
1m3/s
Pg 60bar, Po 60bar
1m3/s, Pg = 33bar
POp = 0.3 bar
POp 45 bar
NDF 17 ar
POp 0.45 bar
%
PGp 59.5 bar SWRO brine
PGp 32 bar
1.9m3/s
Pg-59bar, Po-30bar
MBR Water 0.1m3/s
Courtesy of Boris Liberman, Ph.D. Vice-President ± IDE Technologies Ltd. Patent Pending
Why SWRO is Sustainable & the Future Solution
1. SWRO reflects the ³true benchmark value of water´, the ³triple bottom line´ as environmental, social and financial costs are all included in the unit cost of water. No conventional source adequately caters for environmental costs. SWRO is drought free and provides a totally new (original) source, contrary to recycling. SWRO does not distur rivers, estuaries, delta¶s, the sea and associated ha itat (fish, siltation, stagnation and in-stream flows). Dams result in the sea getting saltier in confined gulfs e.g. Ara ian Gulf. Even semi ± confined Cock urn Sound in Perth has not shown any signs of salinity increase after 3 years of operation (DB09-278 Perth, Australia: Two-year Feed Back on Operation and Environmental Impact). SWRO does not distur aquifers and associated ha itat (water ta le, seawater intrusion, springs, acid sulphate soils and stygofauna). SWRO rine discharges and residuals can e environmentally managed (this has een proven eyond any dou t in Perth (DB09-278). SWRO is efficient and ecoming more efficient with constant advances.
2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
Why SWRO is Sustainable & the Future Solution
7. SWRO su merged intakes adequately designed, entrain negligi le algae, zooplankton and no fish. Entrainment of sea life is minimal with well designed su merged open intakes with low velocity. Only some algae and zooplankton (and no fish) in minuscule quantities are entrained. Proven y Perth and Gold Coast Desalination Plants. SWRO can use wind or any renewa le energy to ensure no emissions. SWRO has the smallest environmental and terrestrial footprint of any source (Perth 16 acres Land + 6 acres Sea + wind farm 12 miles2 for 17% of the city¶s water).
8. 9.
10. SWRO can e located near to where it is needed. 11. SWRO need not utilise long pipelines/canals (no need for millions of tons of steel, cement or massive excavations ± such as required when ³ ringing water down from the north´ and using 4.5 times less energy). 12. SWRO results in minimal greenhouse gas production during the manufacture of components. 13. SWRO results in minimal greenhouse gas production during the construction of the plant.
Why SWRO is Sustainable & the Future Solution
14. The deployment of SWRO plants on coasts ensures that there is a water catchment plan in place (for water quality purposes), ensuring the highest degree of ocean protection. 15. SWRO results in zero evaporation, siltation or salt uild-up in dams (e.g. Wellington Dam, WA). 16. SWRO water quality is not affected y ush fires, first rain or activities in catchments which can affect water quality and future run-off (e.g. Mel ourne). 17. SWRO could ultimately e partially powered y osmotic power (a new form of renewa le energy). Locate SWRO Plants adjacent to WWT Plants. 18. SWRO can utilise greenhouse off±sets from renewa le energy development from anywhere in the world, after all climate change is a glo al issue. 19. SWRO can e provided at guaranteed full capacity within two years of environmental clearances eing o tained. 20. The future development potential of SWRO is still amazing (especially mem ranes, materials, control systems and logic and energy reduction).
Conclusions
A clean unlimited energy supply is the key to most world problems, including water supply. Desalination can have the smallest footprint of any source in Australia/ California. A substantial component of Australia¶s water supply needs will be met by water reuse and seawater desalination in the medium to long term (18 SWRO and 10 Reuse existing, under construction and proposed). California could be the same. The Perth Seawater Desalination Plant is the most sophisticated and sustainable SWRO plant in the world, utilising the most up-to-date components, it is be the world¶s model plant and the only large plant using wind power. PSDP will be eclipsed by a more efficient plant, somewhere in the world within 3 years, most likely Perth¶s second plant, the Southern Seawater Desalination Plant, which has to be 80% wind and the other 20% other renewable plus membrane pretreatment.
Conclusions (Continued)
PSDP will be eclipsed by a more efficient plant, somewhere in the world within 3 years, most likely Perth¶s second plant, the Southern Seawater Desalination Plant, which has to be 80% wind and the other 20% other renewable plus membrane pre-treatment. Water Reuse and desalination are sustainable water sources that will contribute to solving Australia¶s/ California¶s water resource issues. SWRO will still become more efficient with new Low Energy High Rejection Membranes, Large Diameter Membranes, Membrane Pretreatment, new materials and logic and control systems.
Conclusions (Continued)
State Governments are urged to undertake strategic forward planning in selecting SWRO desalination and wastewater treatment plant sites and associated corridors now. This should be planned for 50 years ahead. Western Australia has been leading the country (and world) in the use of desalination technologies and the diversification of water sources SWRO, BWRO, MED, MVC, EDR, HERO, renewables. Other desalination technologies to maximise recovery in a move to Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) inland include: ARROW, HEEPM, VSEP
³I have said that I thought if we could ever competitively get fresh water from saltwater«that it would be in the long range interests of humanity which would really dwarf any other scientific accomplishment.´ John F. Kennedy, September 22, 1961 ³If we could produce clean unlimited energy at a viable cost, that would indeed be a great service to humanity and would dwarf any other scientific accomplishment.´ Gary J. Crisp, 2006
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Awarded GWI World Membrane Desalination Plant of the Year 2007
ERI Awarded GWI Environmental Contribution of the Year 2007
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Courtesy of ERI
Gold Coast Desalination Plant
Awarded GWI World Membrane Desalination Plant of the Year 2009
Courtesy of WaterSecure
International Desalination Association
Awarded 2011 World Congress - to
Perth
Western Australia
See You There!
Can California Do the Same in SWRO?
³Yes Vista - Baby´ ³Aqua LaWe Can´
Questions? Thank you.
GHD | CLIENTS | PEOPLE | PERFORMANCE Gary Crisp, Business Leader - Desalination BSc. Civil Engineering, CP Eng., FIEAust, PMP T 61 7 3316 4107 | F 61 7 3316 3333 | gary.crisp@ghd.com.au 201 Charlotte Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia | http://www.ghd.com.au GHD serves the global markets of: Infrastructure | Mining & Industry | Defence | Property & Buildings | Environment
Desalination in Australia
«Drought proofing Australia in a Sustainable Way
Energy & Water Sustainability in Southern California
New School of Architecture & Design - San Diego Sept 10, 2010
Gary J. Crisp
Global Business Leader ± Desalination: GHD BSc. Civil Engineering, C Eng., MICE, CP Eng., FIE Aust., PMP
It·s not about water. It·s about
energy!
´Energy is eternal delight!µ
Energy is liberation.
William Blake, author, poet, visionary, 1757 ± 1827
Presentation Overview
Introduction
The Big Six, Including Gold Coast
Impact of Drying Climate
- Reduced Inflow to Dams (as at 1 Nov 06)
1000 Annual Total 900 00 00 600 00 400 300 00 100 0
)
1911-19 4 av (33 19 - 1996 av (1
L) L) L)
Total nn al* Inflo to ert Dam ** (
9 3
9 5
9 7
9 9
9 3
9 5
9 7
9 9
3
933
935
937
939
943
945
947
949
953
955
957
959
963
965
967
969
973
975
977
979
983
985
987
989
993
995
997
999
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
9
9
Notes:
- A ea s ta e n as Ma to A l - 200 /06 n flow to 1st Novem be 2006
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
5
¢
¢
¡
¢
¢
¡
¢
¢
¡
¡
¡
¡
¡
¡
¨ ¥ ¤
© § ¦ £
199 -200 av (114
Re ess on 1960 to 200
6
1000 gallons/y per capita by 2012 for Perth Wungong rial Gnangara Pines Metro Catchments
Smarter use of Water Catchment Management
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Wellington Dam Brunswick River Dam
Surface Water
SW Yarragadee Gingin Yanchep Eglington
Desalination Groundwater
Water Efficiency From Irrigation Kwinana Water Reclamation Plant 20% reuse by 2012 target
Water rading
Water Recycling
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Desalination History
Aristotle descri ed distillation - 400 BC Distillation Desalination on early ships - 200AD Distillation ED (Nor ert Rillieux, 1806 - 18 4) Coolgardie Water Distillery (WA) - 18 5 Distillation Desalination SF - 1 56 Distillation Desalination ED - 1 60 Distillation Desalination VC, ETC ± 1 60 Mem rane RO (Drs. Sourirajan & oe @ UC A, 1 5 ) Mem rane RO (John Cadotte - FilmTec, 1 70) Mem rane Desalination RO and NF - 1 70 Mem rane Pre-treatment (MF, UF) - 1 0 Mem rane Wastewater (MBR) - 2000
Dr. Sid Loeb 2005 - 2008
SWRO Power Consumption
July 1, 2001
Water Resource Cost rends: US $/m
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Water Cost 0. 0 $/m
Water from the oceans is still perceived as a µtechnology¶ solution, but desalination should be recognised as a µpolicy¶ solution
Cost $/m
HE RIPLE BO
he RUE Value of Water Obtained with Minimal Environmental Impact
OM LINE
he Environmental
³Forgotten´
Year
Glo al Water Intelligence - Octo er 2006
The Desalination Process
The Big
Australia¶s six big desalination plants
The Big Six ± No. 1
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Perth I Client: Capacity: Plant Capital Cost: Connecting System IWSS : Total Capital Cost: Total Operating Cost: Unit Cost: Commissioning Completion: GHD Involvement:
mgd
Configuration: Seawater Feed Quality: Product Water Quality: Specific Energy Consumption SEC : Technology Contractor: Awards:
Water Corporation mgd $2 million $ 1 million $ 1 million $1 million/year $1,1 2/AF AU$1.00/m 200 Production of Basis of Design and Basis of Construction Documents, rd Party Review of Designs from both Competing Consortia, Durability Reviews During Design and Construction Phase, Integration Network Concept and Detailed Design including the largest Pumping Station in the Perth Integrated System, the Nicholson Road Pumping Station 10 MW . Seaglider Oceanographic Measurements Open Intake, Diffuser Outfall, Travelling Band Screens, Dual Media Pressure Filtration, Micron Cartridge Filtration,2 Pass SWRO System, Lime and CO2 Re-mineralisation 000 ± 000 mg/L TDS < 200 mg/L < 1 . kWh/kgal . kWh/m Degremont France/Spain GWI Membrane Desalination Plant of Year 200 ERI Awarded GWI Environmental Contribution of the Year 200
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
1 acres
Located in Kwinana
1 0 mg/L Product Water
mgd Capacity: 0,
2 AF/Y
Commenced operation in Nov. µ0 Wind Power is used as offset
Courtesy of Water Corporation
2 MW Power Required
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
acres
1 acres
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Seawater Intake System ± Inlet Structure
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Seawater Intake System ± Inlet Structure
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Seawater Intake System ± Pipes and Works
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Onshore Active Screening ± Band Screen
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Seawater Intake and Outlet Works
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Single Stage Dual Media Pressure Filtration and Cartridge Filters
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Reverse Osmosis Process Flow ± Operating Principals & Arrangement
First Pass Second Pass
(Common By-pass HP Pump PRODUCTION
PRETREATED WATER
1st Stage
2nd Stage
Energy Recovery System
12 x 1 in Parallel
" # !
1ST PASS FEEDING (recycling REJECT
MDJV in Alliance with Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
High Pressure Pumps 2. MW Each (6 in total
Each Pump Equivalent to 15 Toyota exus GX Wagon 8st 4dr Man 6sp 4x4 4.0i 0.17 MW @ 5200rpm each.*
*Red Book (Australia) specifications
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Circulation Pumps 1 kW each (12 in total
Each Pump Equivalent to 1 Toyota RAV 4 5st 4dr Man 4x4 2.0i 0.1 2 MW @ 5200rpm each.*
*Red Book (Australia) specifications
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
RO Building Looking South ± 2nd Pass RO
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Pressure Exchanger Rack 1.2 MW each (12 in total
Each Rack Equivalent to 8 Ford Escape Wagon 4dr Auto 4sp 4x4 .0i 0.152 MW @ 4750rpm each.*
*Red Book (Australia) specifications
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Project
PX Process
Beyond Tomorrow
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Potabilization System and Drinking Water Storage Tank
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Drinking Water Transfer Pump Station
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Concentrate Discharge and Residuals System
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Brine Discharge System
yd limit for mixing zone
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
2yd mixing zone ± achieve 2 x dilution
20 diffuser ports at . yd spacing
Outfall pipeline
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Seawater Concentrate - Salinity
Initial mixing zone =110 yards
water surface
farfield
45x dilution
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Real Time Monitoring
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Rhodamine Dye Test
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
These tests proved the Mathematical / Computer Model analyses.
Note the marine growth on the diffuser ports.
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Under the Surface
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Sustainable Power - Wind Energy
Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Stanwell/Griffin Joint Venture - Emu Downs wind generation facility ± at Badgingarra 200 north of Perth Water Corporation is purchasing 66 percent of the energy output 2 MW (1 GW hrs/annum Opened on 12 November 2006
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Sustainable Power - Wind Energy
Capacity No. of Turbines Hub Height Blade Length Wind Farm Area Wind Farm (66%
= 0 MW = = yd = yd = 1 mile2 = 12 mile2
Sustainable Power - Wind Energy
Courtesy of the Water Corporation
The Big Six ± No. 1
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant ± Demonstration Plant
The Big Six ± No. 2
Gold Coast Desalination Plant Client: Capacity: Plant Capital Cost: Connecting System (IWSS : Total Capital Cost: Total Operating Cost: Unit Cost: Commissioning Completion: GHD Involvement:
mgd (1
MLD
Configuration: Gravity System, Lime Seawater Feed Quality: Product Water Quality: Specific Energy Consumption (SEC : Technology Contractor: Awards:
Water Secure - Queensland 6 mgd $ million (tunnels $21 million $1 million $ million $ 2 million/year $2, 2/AF ($2.0 /m 200 Owners Engineer Construction and Design Review, Durability, rd Party Review, overall alliance project management from owners viewpoint, water quality (raw and product , instrumentation and commissioning, M&E Review, SCADA Review Open Intake, Diffuser Outfall, Drum Screens, Dual Media Filtration, Micron Cartridge Filtration, 2 Pass SWRO and CO2 Re-mineralisation 000 ± 000 mg/L TDS < 200 mg/L < 12. kWh/kgal (3.30 kWh/m3) Veolia (France) GWI Membrane Desalination Plant of Year 200
$
Gold Coast Desalination Plant
Located in Tugin 36 mgd Capacity: 38, 2 AF/Y 22 MW Power Required
1 0 mg/L Product Water Commenced operation in Nov. µ08 Green Energy as offset
16 mile 43 inch distri ution main 8 mg reservoir & pump station
Twin .4 m OD intake outfall tunnels 1.5 mile & 1. mile sized for 45 mgd
mgd Plant ave. 4% availa ility 6 mgd peak daily production
PRETEATMENT
INTAKE RESIDUALS OUTFALL REVERSE OSMOSIS
REMINERALISATION
Aerial View of Desalination Plant
Pretreatment
SWRO & BWRO
Residuals Treatment
Admin a
Chemical Storage
Remineralisation Storage
Seawater Intake & screen
HV su station Brine discharge shaft
Pota le water pump station
Marine Tunnels
SEP supported y tug drawn arge- install inlet outlet risers
inlet outlet
Seawater Intake
Intake riser 4.5 yd from sea ed 20 yd water depth Coarse screen 6 inch ± vertical ars. Horizontal flow, low velocity to prevent entrainment <0.15 m s Seawater flows ( 0 mgd) 3mm fine screening ± drum screens Shock dosing of Hypochlorite Monitoring of seawater quality EPA & process
Contra-shear Drum Screen
Seawater Intake - Coarse Screen
6.32 m
2.11 m
Pretreatment
6 Months piloting of pretreatment Chemical addition, two static mixers Four flocculation tanks 18 dual media gravity filters 24 h filter run time
Pretreatment
Pretreatment
Residuals
Filter ackwash (5 mgd), neutralised CIP wastewater, lime sludge treated in Residuals Section Wastewater is coagulated with ferric sulphate polymer and clarified in lamella separator Sludge (15% solids) dewatered y centrifuge and sent to isolated cell in landfill (max. 65 cu ic yard)
Desalination Plant Feed
Filtered seawater split into 2 streams
45% to RO % 55% to ERD
RO ooster pumps provide suction pressure for HP pumps & ERD ooster pumps to feed ERD Cartridge filters ± 5 µm
First Pass SWRO
Four HP Torishima VSD pumps (5 MW feed) common HP manifold trains at 100% capacity SWRO trains through
Each SWRO train has Calder DWEER ERD 45% recovery
Desalination Plant Feed ± 1st Pass
4 x High Pressure Pumps 4.8 MW Each (Each equivalent to 28 Toyota Lexus GX Wagon 8st 4dr Man 6sp 4x4 4.0i 0.1 MW @ 200rpm each - Red Book Specifications)
Seawater Reverse Osmosis - ERD
Operating Principles & Arrangement
First Pass Second Pass
(Common By-pass) PRODUCTION
PRETREATED 3 HP Pumps WATER
1st Stage 2nd Stage
CalderDWEER.exe
REJECT
Energy Recovery System (1 per rack)
1ST PASS FEEDING (recycling)
Energy Recovery Device - 1st Pass
Pressure Exchanger Rack 1.6 MW Each (9 racks in total) (Equivalent to 11 Mazda Tribute Wagon 4dr Auto 4sp 4x4 3.0i 0.1 2 MW @ 4750rpm each - Red Book Specifications)
Re-circulation Pumps 180 kW Each Equivalent to 11 Toyota Lexus GX Wagon 8st 4dr Man 6sp 4x4 4.0i 0.179 MW @ 5200rpm each - Red Book Specifications)
RO Building Pressure Vessel Racks - 1st Pass
Second Pass SWRO
Rear permeate from SWRO 3 trains at 100% capacity 85% recovery Brine re-circulated ack to filtered seawater tank Total desalination energy consumption <3.4 kWh m3
Remineralisation and Storage
Car on dioxide and lime water addition Chlorination Two 4 mg glass fused olted steel tanks (5 h storage) to provide disinfection contact time and for control Water quality monitoring TDS< 220 mg etc Ultimately Fluoridation.
Brine Discharge
Brine (49 mgd) from first pass RO mixed with supernatant from residuals, sent ack to sea Brine diluted and dispersed through 20 diffusers 60° to the horizon staggered on 306 yd long diffuser manifold Extensive modeling to ensure optimum mixing to ackground levels in near field Mixing zone 132 yd x 442 yd
6.5 yd
Diffuser
6.0 yd
1200mm PE
Network Connection
4 pota le water transfer pumps 16 mile of 43 inch pipeline 8 mg reservoir ³Ro ina Mixing Reservoir´ Desalinated water mixed with water from Mudgera a WTP Pump Station Tarrant drive
The Big Six ± No. 2
Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD)
Courtesy of WaterSecure
The Big Six ± No. 2
Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD)
Courtesy of WaterSecure
The Big Six ± No. 2
Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 35 mgd (133 MLD)
Courtesy of WaterSecure
The Big Six ± No. 2
Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD)
My Office for 2 years
Courtesy of WaterSecure
Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD)
Courtesy of WaterSecure
The Big Six ± No. 2
Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD)
Low HP Pump Feed Pressure < 53 bar American Translation ³769psi´ Minimal Drum Screen Screenings (note the ³Wheelie Bin´) American Translation ³Trash Can´
Courtesy of WaterSecure
The Big Six ± No. 2
Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD)
3 duty 1 standby High Pressure Pumps (4.8 MW each)
Courtesy of WaterSecure
The Big Six ± No. 3
Sydney Desalination Plant - 66 mgd ± Expandable to 132
Sydney Water ± New South Wales 66 mgd (expandable to 132 mgd) $787 million (tunnels $189 million) $410 million $246 million $1,443 million $37 million/year $1,950/AF ($1.74/m3) 2010 Feasibility Study, Preparation of Environmental Statement and Secured Approvals. Prepared Reference Design and Basis of Design and Construct, Seawater quality sampling program, All Geotechnical Investigations (on & offshore), Pilot Plant Infrastructure Design and Facilitation, Procurement Method Evaluation, Tender Documentation, Tender Evaluation (Owners Engineer), Technical Advisor ± Design Review of Contractors Design, Durability, Construction Surveillance & Commissioning Support, Marine & Estuarine Monitoring Program Management, Represented Owner¶s Interest During Construction. Configuration: Open Intake, Diffuser Outfall, Drum Screens, Dual Media Gravity Filtration, 5 Micron Cartridge Filtration, 2 Pass SWRO System, Lime and CO2 Remineralisation Seawater Feed Quality: 32000 ± 41000 mg/L TDS Product Water Quality: < 140 mg/L TDS Specific Energy Consumption (SEC):< 14.76 kWh/kgal (3.9 kWh/m3) Technology Contractor: Veolia (France) Awards: Not Yet Complete Client: Capacity: Plant Capital Cost: Connecting System: Other: Total Capital Cost: Total Operating Cost: Unit Cost: Commissioning Completion: GHD Involvement:
The Big Six ± No. 3
Sydney Desalination Plant - 36 mgd
Courtesy of Sydney Water
The Big Six ± No. 3
Sydney Desalination Plant - 66 mgd expandable to 132
Courtesy of Sydney Water
The Big Six ± No. 4
Adelaide Desalination Plants I and II ± 40 + 40 mgd (150 MLD each)
Client: Capacity: Plant Capital Cost: Connecting System (IWSS): Total Capital Cost: Total Operating Cost: Unit Cost: First Water: GHD Involvement: South Australia Water 36 mgd + 18 mgd +18 mgd $1,255 million (Estimated) $246 million (Estimated) $1,500 million $67 million/year (36mgd) $3,033/AF ($2.70/m3) Estimated levelised cost December 2012 Owners Engineer due diligence review during project development phase, Environmental Impact Statement and Development Approvals, Water Quality Integration Review and Ongoing Support. Open Intake, Diffuser Outfall, capacity to 72 mgd 2 Pass SWRO System, initial capacity 54 mgd Lime and CO2 Re-mineralisation 35000 ± 38000 mg/L TDS < 200 mg/L < 18.93 kWh/kgal (5 kWh/ m3 ) Acciona (Spain) Not Completed Yet
Configuration:
Seawater Feed Quality: Product Water Quality: Specific Energy Consumption (SEC): Technology Contractor: Awards:
The Big Six ± No. 4
Adelaide Desalination Plants I and II ± 40 + 40 mgd (150 MLD each)
Courtesy of SA Water
The Big Six ± No. 5
Southern Seawater Desalination Plant (Perth II) - 40 mgd to 80 mgd
Client: Capacity: Plant Capital Cost: Connecting System (IWSS): Total Capital Cost: Total Operating Cost: Unit Cost: Commissioning Completion: GHD Involvement: Water Corporation of Western Australia 40 mgd 1st Stage, 80 mgd 2nd Stage $640 million (Estimated with double intake/outfall) $98 million (Estimated) $738 million (Estimated) $29 million/year (Estimated) $2,042/AF ($1.81/m3) Estimated 2011 Alliance Team / Plant Engineering/ Bid (note, out of 8 expressions of interest, which were reduced to two by the Water Corporation, the GHD ± Acciona - United Utilities Team was one and did not win the Alliance Contract. It should be noted that Acciona using this design went on to win both Adelaide desalination plant projects from which GHD were excluded due to their partial owners role in this project and their Owners Engineer Role on Melbourne, for whom Acciona was also bidding, hence another set of consulting engineers was selected by the contractor). Seaglider Oceanographic Measurements Open Intake, Diffuser Outfall, Travelling Band Screens, UF PVDF Pressure Filters, 5 Micron Cartridge Filtration, 2 Pass SWRO System, Lime and CO2 Re-mineralisation 35000 ± 38000 mg/L TDS < 200 mg/L < 13.63 kWh/kgal (3.6 kWh/ m3) Tecnicas Reunidas, Valoriza Agua (Spain) Not Completed Yet
Configuration: Seawater Feed Quality: Product Water Quality: Specific Energy Consumption (SEC): Technology Contractor: Awards:
The Big Six ± No. 5
Southern Seawater Desalination Plant (Perth II) 40 mgd Expandable to 80 mgd
Courtesy of Water Corporation
The Big Six ± No. 5
Southern Seawater Desalination Plant (Perth II) 150 MLD (40 mgd) Expandable to 300 MLD (80 mgd)
Courtesy of Water Corporation
The Big Six ± No. 6
The Victorian Desalination Project - 120 mgd
Client: Capacity: Plant Capital Cost: Connecting System (85 km Pipeline): Underground power connection Total Capital Cost: Total Operating Cost: Unit Cost: Commissioning Completion: GHD Involvement: Victorian Government 120 mgd 1st Stage, 160 mgd 2nd Stage $1,840 million (Estimated) $820 million (Estimated) $246 million (Estimated) $2,870 million $98 million/year (Estimated) $2,550/AF ($2.27/m3) Estimated 2011 Feasibility Study, Environment Effects Statement and Approvals, Reference Design, Seawater quality sampling program, all geotechnical investigations (on & offshore), Pilot Plant facilities and support, Marine growth experiment, Management of Landowner Engagement, GIS & Mapping, Data Management, Tender Preparation and Evaluation, Design Review, Strategic Direction and Ongoing Support. 4 m Dia. Undersea Inlet and Outlet Tunnels, Drum Screens, Dual Media Pressure Filtration, Cartridge Filtration, 2 Pass SWRO System, Lime and CO2 Re-mineralisation 35 000 ± 38 000 mg/L TDS
Configuration:
Seawater Feed Quality: Product Water Quality: < 120 mg/L Specific Energy Consumption (SEC): < 17.42 kWh/kgal (4.6 kWh/ m3) Technology Contractor: Degremont (France/Spain) Awards: Not Completed Yet
The Big Six ± No. 6
The Victorian Desalination Project - 120 mgd then 160 mgd
Courtesy of Victorian Government
The Big Six ± No. 6
The Victorian Desalination Project - 120 mgd then 160 mgd
Courtesy of Victorian Government
The Sustainability of SWRO
The Sustainability of SWRO
Mammoth Water Condenser, Coolgardie Water Distillery, 132,000 gpd
The ultimate in un-sustainability
In 1896 the worlds largest desalination plant was built in Western Australia at Coolgardie
It·s not about water. It·s about
energy!
The Sustainability of SWRO
Affordable Desalination Collaboration (ADC)
Theoretical minimum SEC for seawater @ 35000 mg/L TDS is 2.83 kWh/kgal (0.748 kWhr/m3 ) To convey 1 kgal of untreated water horizontally over 260 miles uses 12.38 kWh/kgal (3.3 kWh/m3) Gold Coast Desalination Plant produces high quality water locally at 12.38 kWh/kgal (3.3 kWh/m3)
The Sustainability of SWRO
Specific Energy Consumption for Different Water Sources
Process MSF MED METC MVC SWRO BWRO Waste Water Reuse Conventional Water piped > 250 Miles Electrical (kWh/m3) 3.2 ± 3.7 2.5 - 2.9 2.0 - 2.5 8.0 - 17.0 3.3 - 8.5 1.0 - 2.5 1.0 - 2.5 0.2 ± 1.0 3.3 Thermal (kWh/m3) 9.8 ± 6.8 6.6 - 4.5 12.0 - 6.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA Total (kWh/m3) 13.0 ± 10.5 9.0 ± 7.4 14.0 - 9.0 NA 3.3 - 8.5 1.0 - 2.5 1.0 - 2.5 0.2 ± 1.0 3.3
The Sustainability of SWRO
Marine Energy Technologies
Marine Energy typically refers to Wave Power Tidal Power Ocean Thermal Offshore Wind
The Sustainability of SWRO
Some Wave Concepts
Edinburgh Duck
Archimedes Wave Swing
Back Bent Ducted Buoy
AquaBuOY
PS Frog
Bristol Cylinder Grampus OWEL
The Sustainability of SWRO
Some Wave Concepts ± cont¶d
SeaVolt OPT PowerBuoy
Sea Clam
Fred Olsen FO3
Manchester Bobber Wave Dragon WaveBob Ocean Wave Master
The Sustainability of SWRO
Some Wave Concepts ± cont¶d
CETO
Pelamis
C-Wave
Cockerell Raft Sperboy Frond
The Sustainability of SWRO
Some Wave Concepts ± cont¶d
CETO
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Recovery Devices
CALDER ± DWEER PRESSURE EXCHANGER
KSB ± SALTEC PRESSURE EXCHANGER
AXIAL PISTON PRESSURE EXCHANGER PUMP PEI ± TURBO BOOSTER CALDER - PELTON WHEEL IMPULSE TURBINE ERI - PX PRESSURE EXCHANGER
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Recovery Devices
IDE ± IRIS PRESSURE EXCHANGER
DYPREX PRESSURE EXCHANGER
ROVEX PRESSURE EXCHANGER
FEDCO HYDRAULIC PRESSURE BOOSTER
ERI ± TITAN PX PRESSURE EXCHANGER
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Recovery Devices
AQUALING ± ORIGINAL RECUPERATOR PRESSURE EXCHANGER
AQUALING ± NEW RECUPERATOR PRESSURE EXCHANGER
The Sustainability of SWRO
Water Source Comparison (including another unsustainable concept)
14 12.0 12 Unit cost ($ m 3)
Power (kWh m 3) 10
8
6 <3.5 and reducing to 3.3 by 2010 4 $5.10
2 $0.62 0 Current metro bulk water 0.5
$1.07
1.0
$1.16
South West Yarragadee
Seawater Desalination
Kimberley Pipeline
To convey 1 kgal over 250 miles uses 12.38 kWh/kgal (3.3 kWh/m3)
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparison
Old Fridge Energy Requirement = 1300 kWh Year Efficient Desalination Plant (SEC) Specific Energy Consumption = 15.52 kWhr kgal (4.1 kWh m3 )Total
Equivalent Annual Water Production = 84000 gallons year (317 m3/year) Garage Fridge = A single total domestic water use per year inside and outside Reverse Cycle Air 8 kW @ 4 h/day in Winter and Summer (6 months) = 5760 kW/h (Water for 4.5 homes)
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparison ± The MacMansion
Temperature under black roof 61°C. Radiated Heat 39 °C inside house. Temperature under reflective roof 31°C. Radiated heat 26 °C inside house
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparison ± The MacMansion
If you look at all the energy requirements of new homes (City Beach 8858 kW/hr per year average per home) you would not elieve there is a greenhouse gas emission issue. Some Big Mac¶s (supersized) have up to 15 kW air conditioning systems. To add insult to injury, the latest fashion is a lack roof with no eaves ± additional air conditioning required (high calories ± just like the Big Mac supersized). Reverse Cycle Air 15 kW @ 4 hr/day in Winter and Summer (6 months) = 10800 kW/h (SWRO water for 8.5 homes I did not see one lack roof on the Canary Islands (and I do not think it was just ecause the islanders have aesthetic appreciation).
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparison ± The MacMansion
The West Australian Tuesday March 8 2007
Record heat ruins fruit, drains power
Western Power claimed it coped with the increased demand despite using temporary generators as power consumption hit a peak of 3574MW at 4.55 pm, beating Tuesday¶s high of 3533 MW. The Perth Seawater Desalination Plant uses 0.67% of this energy, whilst Perth was using over 30% of the energy for airconditioning.
Note the new umbilical cords to ensure that the black roof keeps the Big Mac cool inside
So «
How Many Jumbos?
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparisons
=
+ + +
+
+
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparisons
or, how many PSDP¶s?
= + +
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparisons
and the answer is! =
One Jumbo Jet
Taking Off Power Cruising Power Full Power of One Engine Full Power Requirement PSDP = 77 MW = 65 MW = 26 MW = 24 MW
+
Water for 405,000 homes (Aus) 300,000 homes (USA) or a total 116,000 passengers transported in one year assuming Jumbo is always full, and Jumbo¶s cannot use renewable energy.
+
So «
How Many Queen Mary II¶s?
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparisons
=
+ + +
+
+
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparisons
or, how many PSDP¶s?
= + + +
The Sustainability of SWRO
Energy Comparisons
and the answer is!
= +
Guest Capacity: 2,592 lower berths 3,056 maximum capacity (Incl. third and fourth berths) Crew: 1,253 Power:
+ +
118 MW, gas turbine/diesel electric plant
Not So Sustainable
Surface Water Source ± Serpentine
Serpentine
200.0
am
Not y tc rs r t r t ry rs y to ril
- Streamflo
664 k 2
180.0 160.0
(GL) nnual Streamflo
140.0 120.0
100.0 80.0
60.0 40.0
20.0 0.0
11
17
23
29
35
41
47
53
59
65
77
83
89
95
32
50
71
01 20
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
Str fl 1975 t 1994
F (37 G )
t r v r (62 G ) 1997 t 2004 F(24 G )
vi v r 2001 t 2005
F(19 G )
ourt sy of t
W t r or or tion
20
04
14
20
26
38
44
56
62
68
74
80
86
92
98
Seawater Desalination vs. Surface Water Source
Footprint Comparison ± Serpentine Dam
Constructed from 1957 to 1961 Catchment area = 256 miles2 (vs. 12 miles2) Surface area at FS = 2,636 acres (vs. 22 acres) No in-stream flow allocations Yield estimated in early 50s @ 40,552 acre-feet/year - 98% relia ility PSDP yield 40,552 acre-feet/year + @ 100% relia ility - 0% failure Yield in 2006 was 4,055 acre-feet/year ; a 90% reduction Desalination 0% failure = 40,552 acre-feet/year - 100% relia ility
Future Developments
Future Desalination Developments
SWRO will still ecome more efficient due to New high rejection mem ranes Chlorine Tolerant Mem ranes New large diameter mem ranes New energy recovery devices Mem rane pre-treatment advances New materials (more plastics and composites) Advanced pre-treatment and post treatment
Future Desalination Developments
Ceramic Mem ranes Non-chemical treatments for disinfection pre- and post treatment Changing of WHO Boron Guidelines to 2.4 mg/L from 0.5 mg/L (hence only one pass required with a potential savings of 15%) Optimal Control Systems and Configurations Nano-technology and smart mem ranes Forward Osmosis High efficiency reverse osmosis (HERO) and Electro Dialysis Reversal (EDR) may ecome the solution for inland towns where groundwater sources are limited
Future Developments
Reverse-Reverse Osmosis ? (Entropy Recovery - Forward Osmosis - Osmotic Power)
Patents 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975 Papers by Dr. Sid Loeb 1976 through 2000
PSDP Linked to Wastewater Treatment Plant
Gross Available Power 216 ML/day (57 mgd) Seawater Concentrate
216 ML/day (57 mgd) of UF Treated Secondary Wastewater
5MW
At the same time you would mix the wastewater with the concentrate limiting stratification when returning 34,500 mg/L mixed water to the ocean.
Osmotic Power
Power From Seawater First Prototype Out, More to Come FRESH WATER RUSHES TOWARD SALT WATER. PRESSURE BUILDS. POWER IS PRODUCED. NORWAY¶S FIRST PLANT OPENS BUT OTHERS ARE LOOKING AT IT AS WELL. Statkraft is the world¶s leader in the development of osmotic power. Osmotic power is clean, renewa le energy, with a glo al potential of 1 600 to 1 700 TWh ± equal to China¶s total electricity consumption in 2002.
ON TUESDAY, 24 NOVEMBER 2009, HER ROYAL HIGHNESS CROWN PRINCESS METTE-MARIT OF NORWAY WILL BE OPENING THE WORLD¶S FIRST OSMOTIC POWER PLANT AT TOFTE, OUTSIDE OSLO.
Statkraft says a pilot facility that uses saltwater and freshwater to generate power could mark a next new source of renewable energy. The world¶s first osmotic power plant opened today at Tofte, outside of Oslo. And it included a royal kickoff from the Crown Princess Mette-Marit of Norway, who pushed the button that set the turbines in motion.
Osmotic power plant opens, with commercial scale am itions
Osmotic Energy Recovery
Patent Pending
Gauge Pressure of 60 bar ~ 6 kwh/kgal Seawater desalination with gauge pressure recovery at 9.3 kwh/kgal.
Osmotic Pressure of 60 bar ~ 2.4 kwh/kgal Seawater desalination with gauge pressure recovery and with osmotic pressure recovery at 6.9 kwh/kgal.
Seawater Intake Brine Discharge
Courtesy of Boris Liberman, Ph.D. Vice-President ± IDE Technologies Ltd. Patent Pending
Os
tic E ergy Rec very
Patent Pending
Os
tic
ressure: 0.3 bar
MBR r cess
auge ressure f 60 bar Os tic ressure f 60 bar ea ater I ta e Bri e ischarge
Aquifer Recharge Well
r u ater u i g Well
C urtesy f B ris Liber a , h. . Vice- resi e t ± I E Tech l gies Lt . ate t e i g
smotic Energy Recovery
Patent Pending
MBR Process
WR
Process
eawater Intake
Brine Discharge
Aquifer Recharge Well
Groundwater Pumping Well
Courtesy of Boris Liberman, Ph.D. Vice-President ± IDE Technologies Ltd. Patent Pending
Osmotic Energy Recovery
Patent Pending
SWRO brine
MBR Treated Water
1m3/s
Pg 60bar, Po 60bar
1m3/s, Pg = 33bar
POp = 0.3 bar
POp 45 bar
NDF 17 ar
POp 0.45 bar
%
PGp 59.5 bar SWRO brine
PGp 32 bar
1.9m3/s
Pg-59bar, Po-30bar
MBR Water 0.1m3/s
Courtesy of Boris Liberman, Ph.D. Vice-President ± IDE Technologies Ltd. Patent Pending
Why SWRO is Sustainable & the Future Solution
1. SWRO reflects the ³true benchmark value of water´, the ³triple bottom line´ as environmental, social and financial costs are all included in the unit cost of water. No conventional source adequately caters for environmental costs. SWRO is drought free and provides a totally new (original) source, contrary to recycling. SWRO does not distur rivers, estuaries, delta¶s, the sea and associated ha itat (fish, siltation, stagnation and in-stream flows). Dams result in the sea getting saltier in confined gulfs e.g. Ara ian Gulf. Even semi ± confined Cock urn Sound in Perth has not shown any signs of salinity increase after 3 years of operation (DB09-278 Perth, Australia: Two-year Feed Back on Operation and Environmental Impact). SWRO does not distur aquifers and associated ha itat (water ta le, seawater intrusion, springs, acid sulphate soils and stygofauna). SWRO rine discharges and residuals can e environmentally managed (this has een proven eyond any dou t in Perth (DB09-278). SWRO is efficient and ecoming more efficient with constant advances.
2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
Why SWRO is Sustainable & the Future Solution
7. SWRO su merged intakes adequately designed, entrain negligi le algae, zooplankton and no fish. Entrainment of sea life is minimal with well designed su merged open intakes with low velocity. Only some algae and zooplankton (and no fish) in minuscule quantities are entrained. Proven y Perth and Gold Coast Desalination Plants. SWRO can use wind or any renewa le energy to ensure no emissions. SWRO has the smallest environmental and terrestrial footprint of any source (Perth 16 acres Land + 6 acres Sea + wind farm 12 miles2 for 17% of the city¶s water).
8. 9.
10. SWRO can e located near to where it is needed. 11. SWRO need not utilise long pipelines/canals (no need for millions of tons of steel, cement or massive excavations ± such as required when ³ ringing water down from the north´ and using 4.5 times less energy). 12. SWRO results in minimal greenhouse gas production during the manufacture of components. 13. SWRO results in minimal greenhouse gas production during the construction of the plant.
Why SWRO is Sustainable & the Future Solution
14. The deployment of SWRO plants on coasts ensures that there is a water catchment plan in place (for water quality purposes), ensuring the highest degree of ocean protection. 15. SWRO results in zero evaporation, siltation or salt uild-up in dams (e.g. Wellington Dam, WA). 16. SWRO water quality is not affected y ush fires, first rain or activities in catchments which can affect water quality and future run-off (e.g. Mel ourne). 17. SWRO could ultimately e partially powered y osmotic power (a new form of renewa le energy). Locate SWRO Plants adjacent to WWT Plants. 18. SWRO can utilise greenhouse off±sets from renewa le energy development from anywhere in the world, after all climate change is a glo al issue. 19. SWRO can e provided at guaranteed full capacity within two years of environmental clearances eing o tained. 20. The future development potential of SWRO is still amazing (especially mem ranes, materials, control systems and logic and energy reduction).
Conclusions
A clean unlimited energy supply is the key to most world problems, including water supply. Desalination can have the smallest footprint of any source in Australia/ California. A substantial component of Australia¶s water supply needs will be met by water reuse and seawater desalination in the medium to long term (18 SWRO and 10 Reuse existing, under construction and proposed). California could be the same. The Perth Seawater Desalination Plant is the most sophisticated and sustainable SWRO plant in the world, utilising the most up-to-date components, it is be the world¶s model plant and the only large plant using wind power. PSDP will be eclipsed by a more efficient plant, somewhere in the world within 3 years, most likely Perth¶s second plant, the Southern Seawater Desalination Plant, which has to be 80% wind and the other 20% other renewable plus membrane pretreatment.
Conclusions (Continued)
PSDP will be eclipsed by a more efficient plant, somewhere in the world within 3 years, most likely Perth¶s second plant, the Southern Seawater Desalination Plant, which has to be 80% wind and the other 20% other renewable plus membrane pre-treatment. Water Reuse and desalination are sustainable water sources that will contribute to solving Australia¶s/ California¶s water resource issues. SWRO will still become more efficient with new Low Energy High Rejection Membranes, Large Diameter Membranes, Membrane Pretreatment, new materials and logic and control systems.
Conclusions (Continued)
State Governments are urged to undertake strategic forward planning in selecting SWRO desalination and wastewater treatment plant sites and associated corridors now. This should be planned for 50 years ahead. Western Australia has been leading the country (and world) in the use of desalination technologies and the diversification of water sources SWRO, BWRO, MED, MVC, EDR, HERO, renewables. Other desalination technologies to maximise recovery in a move to Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) inland include: ARROW, HEEPM, VSEP
³I have said that I thought if we could ever competitively get fresh water from saltwater«that it would be in the long range interests of humanity which would really dwarf any other scientific accomplishment.´ John F. Kennedy, September 22, 1961 ³If we could produce clean unlimited energy at a viable cost, that would indeed be a great service to humanity and would dwarf any other scientific accomplishment.´ Gary J. Crisp, 2006
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant
Awarded GWI World Membrane Desalination Plant of the Year 2007
ERI Awarded GWI Environmental Contribution of the Year 2007
Courtesy of Water Corporation
Courtesy of ERI
Gold Coast Desalination Plant
Awarded GWI World Membrane Desalination Plant of the Year 2009
Courtesy of WaterSecure
International Desalination Association
Awarded 2011 World Congress - to
Perth
Western Australia
See You There!
Can California Do the Same in SWRO?
³Yes Vista - Baby´ ³Aqua LaWe Can´
Questions? Thank you.
GHD | CLIENTS | PEOPLE | PERFORMANCE Gary Crisp, Business Leader - Desalination BSc. Civil Engineering, CP Eng., FIEAust, PMP T 61 7 3316 4107 | F 61 7 3316 3333 | gary.crisp@ghd.com.au 201 Charlotte Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia | http://www.ghd.com.au GHD serves the global markets of: Infrastructure | Mining & Industry | Defence | Property & Buildings | Environment
This document is © 2010 by wrscpmd - all rights reserved.
Tags:
- Year: 2010,
- Level: National,
- Geographic Area: Australia,
- Category: Desalination, Desalination Plants,